Bone Marrow Biopsy and Aspiration: What They Are and Why They Matter

Blood tests are often the first step in investigating conditions such as anaemia, leukaemia or unexplained infections. In some cases, a more detailed evaluation is required. One such procedure is a bone marrow aspiration or biopsy, which allows direct examination of the bone marrow.

These tests provide valuable information about blood cell production and can help diagnose cancers, haematological disorders, and other underlying conditions. This blog will cover the steps of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, the types of needles used, aftercare and cost considerations.

The bone marrow aspiration procedure is the process through which liquid marrow is extracted to be analysed. This enables the doctors to study the development of the blood cells and identify any faults.

Step 1: Preparation

• The patient is positioned, usually lying on their side or stomach.

• The target site, commonly the posterior iliac crest (hip bone), is sterilised and numbed with local anaesthetic.

Step 2: Needle Insertion

• The bone marrow aspiration needle is carefully inserted through the bone to reach the marrow.
• Using a syringe, the physician gently draws liquid marrow.

Step 3: Sample Collection

• Typically, 1-2 millilitres of marrow are collected.
• The sample is sent to the laboratory for cytological and molecular studies.

A bone marrow aspiration procedure PPT or bone marrow aspiration PPT is often used by medical students and residents to visualise the technique, steps, and safety measures.

A bone marrow biopsy includes a sample of bone and marrow in the form of a small cylinder, which offers a view of marrow structure.

Steps in the Biopsy Procedure:

• Local Anaesthesia: The skin and periosteum are numbed.
• Needle Insertion: The bone marrow biopsy needle parts are engaged to penetrate the bone.
• Sample Extraction: A small core of bone marrow is extracted for histological examination.

The success of a bone marrow aspiration or biopsy largely depends on the proper selection and use of the needle. These specialised needles are designed to obtain marrow samples efficiently while minimising risk to the patient.

Types of Needles:

• Bone marrow aspiration needle: Used to extract liquid marrow for microscopic analysis.

• Bone marrow biopsy needle: Used to remove a small core of bone and marrow for detailed histological examination.

A bone marrow aspiration needle typically includes the following parts:

• Handle: For grip and controlled insertion.
• Stylet: A solid inner rod that prevents tissue clogging during insertion.
• Cannula: The hollow outer shaft through which marrow is aspirated.

Similarly, the bone marrow biopsy needle parts include a T-handle, cannula and stylet, with some models featuring a depth guard for safety.

A common concern post-procedure is the bone marrow biopsy scar. Most patients notice a small puncture mark at the site, which typically heals within a few days.

Tips for Scar Management:

• Keep the area clean and dry.
• Avoid heavy lifting or strenuous activity for 24-48 hours.
• Apply mild antiseptic ointments if recommended by your doctor.

The cost of doing a bone marrow test may differ according to the hospital type, city and whether the procedure includes both aspiration and biopsy.

Factors Affecting Cost:

• Hospital or Clinic: Tertiary care centres may charge more.
• Type of Needle Used: Advanced or disposable bone marrow needle models may influence pricing.
• Lab Analysis: Cytology, histology, and molecular tests add to the total cost.
• Pre-Procedure Tests: Blood work and imaging may be required before the procedure.

Preparing for Your Bone Marrow Exam: Tips and Precautions

Preparation ensures minimal discomfort and smooth sampling:

• Inform your doctor about medications, allergies and bleeding disorders.
• Avoid aspirin or anticoagulants unless advised.
• Wear comfortable clothing to the clinic.
• Relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing, reduce anxiety.

Aftercare and Recovery: What Happens Post-Biopsy and Aspiration

The majority of patients have mild bruising or aches after the procedure. Effective aftercare promotes healing:

• Apply pressure to the site to reduce bleeding.
• Monitor for signs of infection, such as redness or swelling.
• Take prescribed pain relief if necessary.
• Limit physical activity for a day or two to prevent complications.

Recovery rates tend to be fast, and follow-up allows one to be sure that the samples have been analysed properly and that the results have been communicated effectively.

Q. What needle is used for bone marrow aspiration?

A. A specialised bone marrow aspiration needle, like the Jamshidi or Illinois needle, is used. It allows safe extraction of liquid marrow for diagnostic analysis while minimising patient discomfort.

Q. What are the parts of a bone marrow aspiration needle?

A. The bone marrow aspiration needle parts include the handle for grip, the stylet to prevent clogging, and the cannula for marrow extraction. Some models have a depth guard for safety.

Q. What is the name of the needle used for a bone marrow biopsy?

A. The bone marrow biopsy needle name is often the Jamshidi needle, designed to obtain a small core of bone and marrow for histological examination.

Q. How is a bone marrow aspiration procedure done step by step?

A. After local anaesthesia, the needle used for bone marrow aspiration is inserted into the bone. Liquid marrow is drawn, collected, and sent for laboratory analysis for diagnosis.

Q. What does a bone marrow biopsy scar look like?

A. A bone marrow biopsy scar appears as a small puncture mark or minor bruise at the site. It usually heals within days and is minimally visible over time.

Q. How can I take care of a bone marrow biopsy scar?

A. Keep the site clean, dry, and protected. Avoid heavy lifting for 24–48 hours. Apply antiseptic if recommended and monitor for redness, swelling, or unusual pain.

Q. How much does a bone marrow test cost?

A. The bone marrow test cost varies by hospital, city, and whether both aspiration and biopsy are performed. Lab analysis and pre-procedure tests also influence the price.

Q. Is a bone marrow biopsy and aspiration painful?

A. Patients may feel brief pressure or mild discomfort. Local anaesthesia reduces pain, and soreness typically resolves within a few days, making the procedure generally tolerable.